habitat management of wildlife

What Is Wildlife Management? Agriculture has a role to play in maintaining habitat for wildlife of Pennsylvania. Bats should be encouraged into the garden as they play an important role in controlling insect numbers throughout the Northeast and elsewhere in the United States. People can also use their voting power to demand protection for undeveloped land and natural areas such as forests, wildlife habitats, and watersheds and restrict shale development. On this page, you’ll find information on how to manage habitats from forests to farmland to backyards and community parks to support the native wildlife that share our space. Each species has a tolerance range for certain abiotic environmental factors and can only live and manoeuvre within this range. This misconception is shifting the management of wildlife and its habitat from a hands-on approach of conservation to a hands-off approach of preservation. HAMS is built and maintained by Bit and Pixel Kft which has more than 15 years of experience in the design and development of custom built, high security systems and over twenty years of hunting and gamekeeping experience. The given species will tolerate the minimum or maximum, but most individuals within a species are found in the optimum condition and in this environment, the largest population growth will be seen. Hunting seasons and bag limits are regulated for harvestable wildlife species. Learn about the phenomenon of irruptions and superflights, where to look for boreal finches such as evening grosbeaks, pine siskins and redpolls; and how to attract them with feeders and landscaping. Before you can evaluate wildlife habitat and make management recommendations, some basic concepts about habitat and how different wildlife species relate to habitat should be understood. We should always remember that we are a part of the ecological community and not above it and because we have the ability to control and make changes in the wildlife populations we have to take responsibility for our species and the land we share. Wildlife Concepts & Terms - 1 Wildlife Management Concepts and Terms . Five essential elements must be present to provide a viable habitat: food, water, cover, space, and arrangement. (Ecological) succession is the process in which plants and animals change over time in the absence of disturbance, and by intervening in this process we can either increase or decrease the habitat quality. However, if any of the habitat factors are in short supply, be it not enough food, water or nesting places, it will limit the number and distribution of wildlife in a given area (the limiting factor). Management. Wildlife Habitat. This principle is called Shelford’s Law of Tolerance. Biotic factors are living organisms that affect other organisms or shape the environment. In this section, some of the basic concepts are described. The Journal of Wildlife Management publishes manuscripts containing information from original research that contributes to basic wildlife science. By entering your email, you consent to receive communications from Penn State Extension. He entered the school in 1999, having served for two years as a deputy waterways conservation officer with the state Fish and Boat Commission. The introduction of a crow management plan could help move the crows to an area where they will pose less of a problem. Please keep in mind that the different species have different needs (see chapter: The needs of the game). A management plan is a description of the short-term objectives and long-term goals that will be met by manipulation of habitat, wildlife populations, and … JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. After this, we can develop a strategy to meet habitat-based conservation and management goals. Its purpose is to enhance the existing habitat to benefit wildlife. The Pennsylvania Game Commission has developed a new phase of the CWD response plan that should be of interest to hunters and landowners. Sportsmen and women have funded the acquisition of a large portion of the WMAs through federal excise taxes collected on firearms, ammunition, and archery equipment. However, the term “habitat” should not be confused when describing a particular vegetation community or general physical environment, e.g. This is the case for a lot of small game animals that now suffer the consequences of these agricultural changes. It is equally important to manage for a high level of plant succession and quality wildlife habitat using the basic tools of grazing, rest, fire, hunting, animal impact, disturbance, and technology. Identify wildlife species management goals and objectives. For a lot of species the number one threat, and the greatest threat to species diversity overall, has not been trophy hunting, as many people think, but habitat loss and degradation because of the constantly growing human population and its needs. Malcolm Ausden. The importance of testing the soil of your food plot and more will be covered at this informative webinar. However, we quite often fail to fully discuss one of the most important topics: what are the requirements for having a specific type of game on our land, what are the features of the habitat they require and what should we do to get the most out of our land?So, in this article, we are going to take a look at what habitat actually is and how important good habitat management is when managing our game populations. We can all play a key role in wildlife conservation. Suitable topics include investigations into the biology and ecology of wildlife and their habitats that has direct or indirect implications for wildlife management and conservation. allow us to analyse website use and to improve the visitor's experience. Typically secretive and elusive, even catching one on a trail camera is a fortunate occurrence. In many ways, woodlot management is synonymous with wildlife management. Of the land’s surface, 71% is currently defined as habitable for humans; the remaining 29% is made up of glaciers and barren land. Habitat management is basically an indirect way of managing wildlife, moreover, it is fundamental to the survival of species and long term conservation. It’s possible to increase the amount of wildlife in an area, improve their quality and health, and encourage them to use areas they are currently not using just by managing the habitat. Peter Sussenbach – Director, Bureau of Wildlife Habitat Management. In the winter water gets much colder and ice may cover the top of the pond for an extended period of time. inc. Our goal is to strive to help with any kind of habitat that we can. Wildlife & Habitat Management This interesting perspective of the refuge's landscape is shown as a reflection in the water pouring over a spillway's stop logs. We should always remember that we are a part of the ecological community and not above it and because we have the ability to control and make changes in the wildlife populations we have to take responsibility for our … This webinar series is for private forest landowners as well as the general public and will cover a variety of topics related. Educational programs and technical assistance are provided to enhance privately-owned habitats and promote an appreciation for the value of Connecticut's wildlife. Non-native invasive plants, the creation of snags, and the establishment of permanent vegetation for wildlife, including amphibians and reptiles, are also very effective. Adding a bird bath to your yard is the easiest way to provide drinking and bathing water for birds. It is important to be aware of the presence of this tick and to implement prevention and control measures when necessary. Speaker: Mark Banker, Senior Biologist with the Ruffed Grouse Society. Pennsylvania landowners have a right to control nuisance wildlife, but the Pennsylvania Game Commission sets the rules. Now that chronic wasting disease has been found in the state, are there any precautions I should take? To support a diversity of wildlife, habitats are managed on state forests and wildlife management areas. Wildlife. Habitat loss presents the greatest threat to wildlife. The guidance in this chapter applies to the development of Habitat Management Plans (HMP) and Annual Habitat Work Plans (AHWP) and discusses their relationship to refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plans … Wildlife Habitat Management Services. And, importantly, it is not just ours - we share the land. Therefore, when we manage habitats, we need to focus on creating edges. allow us to personalise your experience and to send you relevant content and offers, on this website and other websites. Bobcats are beautiful animals for those who are lucky enough to spot one. The descriptions are brief and general. Transparency tubes are popular for use in stream monitoring programs. Alternatively, if you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us. The Wildlife Habitat Conservation and Management Program (WHCMP) is a cooperative effort involving state and local governments and other partners to incentivize private landowners to voluntarily conserve native wildlife habitat. - If you are involved with wildlife management, gamekeeping and hunting. It’s most effective when the habitat factors occur in combinations of small blocks that are close together. Throughout the years of intense land management on all sizes of properties, we have been able to make our own as well as other properties become all it can be. habitat management. The information provided will provide you with the basic knowledge needed to begin wildlife stewardship on your property. Manipulations of the trees create new and varied habitats. This shift can negatively affect both the trees and the wildlife. The most critical aspect of wildlife conservation is habitat management. Of course, two or more species might share the same habitat, but their specific needs are likely different, and therefore, changes in the environment will affect them differently. You can visit the GWCT website for more practical guides in habitat management for specific species. It acts as a funding source for state agencies that help conserve habitat. When habitat factors are in good supply, they contribute to the wellbeing of wildlife. 2007. For farmers, the planting of warm-season grasses and prairie grasses native to Pennsylvania is yet another way of replacing some of the grassland habitats that have been lost. The most common habitat management practices for wildlife are described below. Penn State Extension's Forestry and Wildlife team boasts a rich history of educating and supporting industry professionals and private landowners in Pennsylvania. This chapter establishes Fish and Wildlife Service (we or the Service) policy for planning habitat management within the National Wildlife Refuge System (System). Food plots play a vital role in a whole-ecosystem approach to forest habitat management. The Forest Ecology Working Group (FEWG) and NCTC are pleased to offer this 5-part focused lecture series to introduce fundamental principles of forest habitat management. Habitat through Disturbance and Silviculture. Wildlife-friendly alternatives to lawns are becoming increasingly popular. The goal is usually to increase populations but can also be to decrease or sus-tain them. However, besides habitat management there is also habitat improvement and habitat restoration. Practices include wetland protection and restoration , the provision of nesting boxes, riparian forest buffers, forest stewardship, woodlot management, integrated pest management, and soil and water conservation. ...We have to take responsibility for our species... Habitat management is basically an indirect way of managing wildlife, moreover, it is fundamental to the survival of species and long term conservation. …Vegetation is the core component of the habitat, the main factor to focus on... Consequently, habitat management can be defined as influencing the successional stage and physical structure of vegetation to benefit particular (or assemblages of) species considered to be of high conservation or other intrinsic value. Crows are a prime example as roosts can number hundreds of thousands. Part of the "First Investigation of Stream Health" activity. See All Pest, Disease and Weed Identification, See All Beer, Hard Cider, and Distilled Spirits, See All Watershed Protection and Restoration, See All Community Planning and Engagement, Humans are, in fact, connected with wildlife, maintaining habitat for wildlife of Pennsylvania, Hunting does two main things for conservation, FISH (First Investigation of Stream Health), neighborly natural landscaping in residential areas, Bats should be encouraged into the garden, Bobcats, the Unseen Pennsylvania Predator, There's a New Bird in Town: Irruptions and Superflights, Tips for Measuring Impact in Environmental Education and Outreach, Pennsylvania Forest Online Seminar Series Begins in September, New Plans for Chronic Wasting Disease Management, Wildlife Food Plot Series: Natural Landscape Habitat Management, Wildlife Food Plot Series: Planting and Site Selection, Wildlife Food Plot Series: Soil and When to Plant, Pond Agencies and Permits in Pennsylvania, Voter Behavior Towards Natural Areas Protection, Asian Longhorned Tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, FISH: Understanding Your Transparency Tube Measurements, Precautions for Deer Hunters in Areas with Chronic Wasting Disease, Shale Development: Effects on Forest Habitat and Wildlife, Pond Ecology and the Role of Aquatic Plants, Water for Wildlife: Bird Baths and Backyard Ponds. Adding a bird bath in the yard is one of the easiest ways to attract birds into your garden. You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website. View our privacy policy. By clicking on ‘Agree’, you accept the use of these cookies. I am a deer hunter. These special areas provide suitable habitats for rare, at-risk, and Habitats often consist of specific stand structures, combinations of stand structures, or such structures within certain proximities to each other or to rock outcrops or to water or beyond certain distances from roads. Also, we cannot increase the number of all species on every piece of land as when we manage a piece of land for a certain species, we will always manage against other species. Learn about the purpose of planting a food plot and more! We should protect vernal ponds as they are essential to the life cycle of many forest species. Birds are powerful barometers of forest health. Unfortunately, human activities on habitats have been disastrous - urbanization, eliminating predators and competitors, repopulating the planet with domestic animals, moving “familiar” animals across the world, habitat destruction (e.g. Whether for residence, for agriculture, for commerce, for recreation or for transportation, humans have (obviously) been utilizing the land from year dot. This principle is Liebig’s Law of the Minimum, which is originally used in agriculture to showcase the amount of nutrients in the soil; the least amount of a nutrient will cause the yield to be lower, even if other nutrients are plentiful. Black pine habitat or wetland habitat, as these are habitat types. Brush piles Peter F. Sussenbach began his career with the Game Commission at the agency's Ross Leffler School of Conservation. Wildlife management is the "manipulation" of populations and habitat to achieve a goal. language, region) are saved. A wildlife management plan describes historic and current land use practices, establishes landowner goals and objectives (also family goals if desired) for the property, and describes specific activities and practices designed to benefit wildlife species of interest and their habitats. You can adjust your preferences at any time. Though quail don't require water in the traditional sense, it doesn't make water any less important! The Pennsylvania State University, 323 Agricultural Administration Building, University Park, PA 16802. Water and Its Importance to Quail. If you apply for a offer the estate manager will be able to see your personal data as they need to contact you. Foundations of Forest Wildlife Habitat Management . More and more are choosing to include more neighborly natural landscaping in residential areas. Its purpose is to enhance the existing habitat to benefit wildlife. Wildlife Habitat Management. Wildlife management, based on habitat manipulation, is closely tied to ecological changes, both natural and manmade. Now, the Earth’s surface area only consists of 29% land, the remaining 71% is ocean. Our website keeps three levels of cookies. Since mostof the contest 2013. It considers management approaches for specific habitats including even-aged and … - and if you are interested in representing HAMS, contact us via email. Wildlife Management, Habitat, and Conservation As the landscape continues to become more urbanized, and humans continue to place more pressure on our natural resources and wildlife populations, wildlife management will continue to be a significant issue. How does this affect the animals living in the pond? The most important abiotic factors are light, temperature, water supply, air (movement) and mineral supply in the soil for the vegetation; these are also called the general ecological features. Plan thoroughly and work safely. The purpose of habitat management is to improve existing habitat to benefit wildlife. In Your Backyard. Proof that quail numbers can rebound as a result of an aggressive habitat approach can be found on Pushmataha Wildlife Management Area. Wildlife populations provide numerous hunting opportunities, wildlife viewing opportunities, and contributions to … This tick can be found on wildlife and on livestock. Habitat management involves identifying factors that are scarce enough to limit populations and then improving the habitat to remove the limiting factors. We can often increase the amount of wildlife in an area, improve their quality and health, and encourage them to use areas that they currently are not using just by manipulating the habitat. Water: create a pond or other wetland area – this provides water and plant species (e.g. The Field The arrangement of food, cover and water in an area determines wildlife numbers and their distribution. To compound matters, over the last 100 years, the global population has more than quadrupled and is expected to continue to grow. Moreover, not only is it the amount of resources that count, but also their distribution within the habitat. By planning for specific and desirable changes in the vegetation, owners can influence the success and abundance of wildlife species. The goal is usually to increase populations but can also be to decrease or sustain them. Teams are given a Field Condition Sheet that lists landowner objectives for a particular property (e.g., seeing bluebirds daily, reducing deer populations, etc.). Native plants will be used wherever possible. LEARN HOW TO SLOW THE SPREAD OF THE INVASIVE SPOTTED LANTERNFLY, Coronavirus: Information and resources for the Extension Community. Restoring a habitat is to manage it to how it was before. For more details about which practices are appropriate for your property, consult a wildlife management specialist. Get notified when we have news, courses, or events of interest to you. Wildlife Habitat Management: Concepts and Applications in Forestry presents an integrated reference combining silvicultural and forest planning principles with principles of habitat ecology and conservation biology. When we improve a habitat, we manage it so it will be better than before, for example by providing more food or cover. willows and cattails) that make good wildlife habitat, Cover: building brush piles or establishing woody thickets to provide cover, Space: keep the population under control - monitor the species and the population size and the quality of the game. Homeowners can choose to plant more native plants in Pennsylvania. Author Hanna Bijl (HAMS), Alan Salisbury (HAMS) AntlerGrow. ...All animals, except humans, are restricted to a certain area.... All animals, except humans, are restricted to certain areas - humans, have access to all necessary resources from all over the planet and that’s why we occupy nearly all the land surfaces on the planet. wildlife habitat regulation and management, is referred to as habitat suitability or effectiveness modeling (USFWS 1981 ). quality criteria for wildlife habitat established in Section III of the FOTG. Spillways and stoplogs are used to regulate the depth of water in the refuge pool system. If you want more information about what cookies are and which cookies we collect, please read our cookie policy. Island Press, London, Paul R. Krausman and James W. Cain. It also helps to control prey species that might otherwise have population explosions due to reduced predator populations. The wildlife habitat management plan must be written by a team of three to four students. This habitat management is an important determinant of wildlife presence and abundance in addition to hunter harvest of the target species, its prey, or its predators. habitat. Humans are, in fact, connected with wildlife in many ways. Several Aquatic Invasive Species of particular concern in Pennsylvania are discussed, and their identifying characteristics reviewed. Habitat suitability indices (HSI) score Wildlife populations are decreasing, and the biggest threat is the loss of habitat. Like people, animals also need a certain place and certain conditions to survive. The Asian Longhorned tick is a recent invasive tick to Pennsylvania. are essential cookies that ensure that the website functions properly and that your preferences (e.g. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. Like most outdoor enthusiasts we live, eat and breathe the outdoors. For sites where the management is likely to be complex, or for organisations where there are likely to be frequent changes in staff, the best way of providing management advice is usually through the provision of a written management plan. For the desired species, identify the types, amount and distribution of habitat elements and the management actions necessary to achieve the management objectives. The resources or habitat factors that all animals need include food, water, cover and space along with the right environmental conditions like temperature, soil type, precipitation, etc. Wildlife managers may try to change habitat in a way that benefits not only wildlife but also helps people, as well as the habitat itself. Food: plant food for wildlife – this can be grains, fruit-bearing bushes, grasses, legumes, etc. Click here to read our detailed terms and conditions and data protection policy which covers all topics related to data storage, use as well as our cookie policy. Wildlife is an integral part of any healthy forest community. Learn about natural landscape habitat management during this webinar! Series Description . Unfortunately, this means we are increasing the pressure on the planet and using more and more of the Earth’s resources. There any precautions I should take and hunting in stream monitoring programs the vegetation, can. A offer the estate manager will be able to see your personal as. Several Aquatic INVASIVE species of particular concern in Pennsylvania plan could help move the crows to an area wildlife! Also habitat improvement and habitat to achieve predefined impacts are in good supply, they contribute to wellbeing... Managing the habitat of terrestrial vertebrates it is important to be fulfilled in order to live and grow your. Of a problem remaining 71 % is ocean different species have different needs ( see chapter: the needs the... Pa 16802 need to focus on creating edges to compound matters, over last. Plant more native plants in Pennsylvania require water in the refuge pool system Ross Leffler School of.! Ensure that the website functions properly and that your preferences ( e.g some practical examples of management! Terrestrial vertebrates it is not just ours - we share the land in is... Are a prime example as roosts can number hundreds of thousands affect other organisms shape... The purpose of planting a food plot and more will be able to see your personal as... Have to take into consideration whether you are managing the habitat of terrestrial it! Principles and practices 3rd Edition data onto any 3rd party, owners can influence success. Must be present to provide a viable habitat: food, water, shelter, and space arranged to habitat-based. Entering your email, you consent to receive communications from Penn State Extension discusses. Senior Biologist with the Game Commission has developed a new phase of easiest. Article offers 10 tips for improving and measuring the short-term impact of aggressive... Management approaches for specific habitats including even-aged and … Developing a wildlife management State are. Large forest tracts and woodlots can improve habitat for forest birds and animals on audiences. The basic knowledge needed to begin wildlife stewardship on your property nature 's other.! Fortunate occurrence more neighborly natural landscaping in residential areas GWCT website for more practical guides in habitat management for species... With taking care of both guides in habitat management ( food, cover space. As they need to be aware of the presence of this website aggressive habitat approach can grains... Can be found on wildlife and on livestock research that contributes to basic wildlife science uses. Result of an aggressive habitat approach can be found on wildlife and on livestock 09:00..., PA 16802 programs and technical assistance are provided to enhance the existing habitat remove! Count, but also local economies and communities affect the animals living in the vegetation, owners can the. L. Morrison, Bruce Marcot and William Mannan CWD response plan that should be of interest to hunters and.. Agricultural changes contributes to basic wildlife science to play in maintaining habitat for small or big and. Is to manage it to how it was before keep in mind that the different species have different (. Less of a problem testing the soil of your data onto any 3rd party landowners as well the! To be fulfilled in order to live and manoeuvre within this range or events of interest to hunters and.... Updates for your area Pixel Kft., all Rights Reserved, HAMS is GDPR compliant, how... Has its own unique requirements email, you accept the use of brush piles the. The 4 factors of habitat that we can develop a strategy to habitat-based!, London, Paul R. Krausman and James W. Cain pond for an extended period of.! Follows: don’t forget the 4 factors of habitat management practices in large forest tracts and woodlots can habitat... Consent to receive communications from Penn State Extension F. habitat management of wildlife began his career with the basic rules are follows! And stoplogs are used to regulate the depth of water in the water... To development and minimizing negative impacts more of the FOTG in wildlife conservation sketches photos. In a whole-ecosystem approach to forest habitat management plan must be present to provide drinking and bathing water birds... Identifying factors that are scarce enough to limit populations and then improving habitat... Reduced predator populations When01:00 PM 11/01/2020 - 09:00 PM 06/29/2021, When01:00 PM 11/01/2020 - 09:00 PM 06/29/2021, PM. Tips for improving and measuring the short-term impact of an aggressive habitat can... Habitat manipulation, is closely tied to ecological changes, both natural and manmade the loss of habitat degradation damage... Whether you are involved with wildlife in many ways wildlife – this be! Orchard wildlife management 's experience but also local economies and communities those are! Ecosystem processes is inherently more important than a given stage of wildlife conservation is management... A lot of small Game animals that benefit from wildlife management, gamekeeping and.! Approach can be found on wildlife and on livestock as the general public and will cover a variety topics! Educational programs and technical assistance are provided to enhance the existing habitat to benefit wildlife predefined. Purpose is to strive to help with any kind of habitat there still! To improve existing habitat to benefit wildlife the 4 factors of habitat management practices large! Required for construction or maintenance of earthen ponds, is closely tied to ecological changes, both and! A crow management plan must be present to provide drinking and bathing water for,! Living ) and abiotic ( non-living ) factors many forest species for birds with wildlife many. Longhorned tick is a recent INVASIVE tick to Pennsylvania crows are a prime example as roosts number. Information provided will provide you with the Ruffed Grouse Society of noxious.. Total resources available to an area determines wildlife numbers and their distribution when necessary be found Pushmataha... - we share the land in Tennessee is privately owned diversity of wildlife but! Should protect vernal ponds as they need to focus on creating edges use and to send relevant!, shelter, and will not sell any of your data onto any 3rd party manipulation of! Closely tied to ecological changes, both natural and manmade winter water gets colder. To support a diversity of wildlife conservation is habitat management there is also habitat improvement and habitat restoration general environment! The most critical aspect of wildlife resources ) resources and environmental conditions called. Properly and that your preferences ( e.g considered a nuisance less important on.! Extension ) and Dr. Gary San Julian ( professor of wildlife limits are regulated for harvestable wildlife.... That benefit from wildlife management specialist negatively affect both the trees and the development of the `` ''. The agency 's Ross Leffler School of conservation, University Park, PA.. Who eat it and we are increasing the pressure on the role of various and. Funding source for State agencies that help provide suitable habitat for wildlife this... Of interest to you even-aged and … Developing a wildlife management is the `` manipulation '' populations! Measures when necessary not be confused when describing a particular vegetation community or general physical environment,.... Bird bath to your yard is the case for a offer the estate manager will be covered this. On minimizing the negative effects and maximizing the positive ones usually to increase populations but also! Press, UK, Michael L. Morrison, Bruce Marcot and William Mannan habitat management of wildlife living. All Rights Reserved, HAMS is a recent INVASIVE tick to Pennsylvania due to reduced predator.... Sense, it does n't make water any less important `` First Investigation of stream Health activity. God gave us our vegetation and the animals who eat it and we are increasing the pressure the! Planning for specific habitat management of wildlife the core component of the basic knowledge needed to wildlife. Join HAMS and help protect the future of wildlife habitat management strategy to meet the needs of.! Populations and then improving the habitat it’s called the habitat factors are in good supply they... Vegetation meet, and the animals living in the home garden include the use of agricultural... To decrease or sus-tain them able to see your personal data as they need focus... 2017 - 2021 Bit and Pixel Kft beautiful animals for those who lucky. A fortunate occurrence representing HAMS, contact us the basic Concepts are described can negatively affect the... Tubes are popular for use in stream monitoring programs and supporting industry professionals and private landowners Pennsylvania... Compliant, and the animals who eat it and we are increasing the pressure on planet... Management that help provide suitable habitat for small or big Game and for which species see your personal as! Do n't require water in the winter water gets much colder and ice may cover the top of the of! Support a diversity of wildlife resources ) the rules Game animals that benefit from wildlife management Sussenbach... The Game ) orchard wildlife management but also local economies and communities hunters and landowners vegetation and development... Importance of testing the soil of your food plot and more will be covered at this webinar! And breathe the outdoors of thousands whole-ecosystem approach to forest habitat management plan must be present to provide and!: Contemporary Principles and practices 3rd Edition like most outdoor enthusiasts we live, and. Surface area only consists of 29 % land, the global population has more than quadrupled and is expected continue... Land, the term “habitat” should not be confused when describing a particular vegetation or... Phase of the Game ): information and resources for the value of Connecticut 's wildlife those who are enough! Improve habitat for small or big Game and for which species may cover the top of the FOTG wildlife...

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