exploitation of animals and plants

The modes of action employed were relatively varied: perforation, scraping, grooving, percussion and sawing (figure 20). These chaînes opératoires are more or less complex, affected by cultural traditions, the social status of the individual, the ultimate purpose of the hides (shelter, clothing, bedding, bags, shoes, …), the dimension and thickness of the hides, and even the season (Robbe, 1975; Hayden, 1990; Beyries, 2002; Ibanez et al., 2002). Butchery cutmarks could indicate activities such as skinning, carcass disarticulation, meat removal, and/or tendons extraction (see Henri-Martin, 1906; Delpech, Villa, 1993; Tagliacozzo, Fiore, 1998; Castel, 1999; Costamagno, 1999; Laroulandie, 2000; Turner, 2002; Chiquet, 2004; Fiore et al., 2004; Pérez Ripoll, 2004; Tomé, 2005; Vigne, 2005; Leduc, 2010; Costamagno, 2012; Müller, 2013; Soulier, 2013). Some of the bifaces and the flake cleavers used in percussion were hafted in wood handles, in order to put more force behind the blows and render use more comfortable. With regard to the fauna, we began by responding to the difficulty, at the current state of archaeozoological practice, of interpreting the complex webs of butchery marks observed on bones. Birds: Certain species of birds are collected or hunted for sport, food, and the cage-bird pet trade (parrots and songbirds are prized as pets). The use of wood in the Early and Middle Palaeolithic is evidenced by a few exceptional discoveries of wooden spears at the sites of Lehringen, Schöningen (Germany), and Clacton-on-Sea (England) (Movius, 1950; Junkmanns, 2001; Dennel, 1997; Thieme, 1997; Oakley et al., 1977), a wooden point at Ljubljansko Barje (Slovenia), carbonized objects and negative impressions of wood preserved by the travertine flows at Abric Romaní (Spain) (Carbonell, Castro-Curel, 1992; Castro-Cruel, Carbonell, 1995; Gaspari et al., 2011). When a non-US citizen such as myself is asked to identify “The American Diet,” … Retrouvez The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. This approach allowed us to better respond to our questions by testing different possible scenarios without an a priori outcome. The large majority of active zones served in cutting, with some elements used to remove scraps of meat in a transverse motion and some bifaces and flake cleavers used in percussion, to remove meat, disarticulate by force, or segment the vertebral column. In every society, eating is bounded by rules, rites, and interdictions (for example Guevara, 1988; Malaurie, 1989; Simoons, 1994; Stefanson, Palsson, 2001; Politis, Saunders, 2002; d’Iatchenko, , 2007). Blank fields indicate when an activity was not performed while checked boxes indicate when it was, with a note specifying the tool that was used. Ten blanks in total were exclusively consigned to this activity (table 1). The effectiveness of Clactonian notches and denticulates in the sawing and scraping of wood was demonstrated experimentally (Bordes, 1961a; Kantman, 1970a, 1970b), supporting the idea that these tools might be dedicated to woodworking and, more generally, to the assumption that the different types of tools identified in lithic industries had distinct functions. The hides were then stretched on the ground or on a wooden frame (figure 17, ). Share to Twitter. - Overview of the use-wear data provided by studies conducted on samples of more than 30 pieces, and published between 1980 and 2002, After Claud, 2004 and the following references: Anderson-Gerfaud, 1981; Frame, 1986; Beyries, Boëda, 1987; Beyries, 1987a, 1993b; Lemorini, 2000; Locht, In combination with use-wear analysis, indications of hafting were sometimes identified on Middle Palaeolithic tools, illustrating the likely use of wood for the fabrication of hafts. Mammals are also trapped for the pet trade, zoos, and biomedical research. While often associated with Overfishing , overexploitation can apply to many groups including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and plants. Surfaces are not included in the study (three bifaces used to abrade the surface of a hide). These indications consist of wear traces (for example Anderson-Gerfaud, Helmer, 1987; Beyries, 1987b; Lemorini, 2000; Rots, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015b) or adhesives in the form of residues or micro-residues stuck to tool surfaces as at Königsaue (Germany), where pieces of birch pitch bear impressions of a wooden haft (Grünberg, 2002; Mazza, , 2006; Pawlik, Thissen, 2011; Cârciumaru. Amongst the softer woods were populus (, ). Finally, three flake cleavers were used to fracture three cow femurs to extract marrow. Nonetheless, the hafting of two small Levallois points in quartzite used to remove the meat from a bison carcass seems to have improved the effectiveness of the points, making them easier to manipulate. Traces of hafting were nonetheless observed, at low magnification on the experimental pieces that were hafted in the PCR project. An additional aim was to define the variability of use-wear traces according to the step in the butchery process, in order to potentially reach a similar level of precision in the analysis of archaeological assemblages. Today many invertebrates—particularly marine invertebrates—are at risk from overharvesting. Aldous Huxley once wrote that animals might regard human beings as Satan. , 2012b) and are not presented here in detail, but are referenced in the final general discussion as well as in the discussion of site function at three sites (Les Pradelles, Les Fieux, Grotte du Noisetier). Amongst the stages identified in this activity (defleshing, hair-removal, tanning, curing, softening, dyeing, …; see Chahine, 2002), hide defleshing is often considered crucial and requires the use of tools with a sharp edge in the case of ungulates (Chahine, 2002; Beyries, 2008). Amongst the five categories of experiment listed by P. J. Reynolds (1999), our experiments belong to the second: “Processes and function experiments”. They are listed in the three CITES Appendices. The development of protocol for the different experiments we have conducted required a phase of preparation in which specialists in several fields were involved (use-wear analysts, archaeozoologists, specialists in lithic analysis) in order to respond to the concerns of each while restricting the overall number of variables. Animals are harmed … With rare exceptions (figures 11, 15), the tools were held in the bare hand, sometimes protected with a piece of leather (figures 12-16). The reference collections developed for the faunal samples are also applicable to other chrono‑cultural contexts. After the felling of a trunk or trimming of a branch, one of the first activities is the stripping of the bark according to one of two approaches: percussion or scraping (figure 5). More systematic observations are still necessary. Dietary practices play a significant role in the construction of social identity (Havelange, 1988; Lalhou, 1998; Serra Mallol, 2010). The domestication and exploitation of plants and animals. The carcasses were systematically dismembered by detaching the scapula from the trunk and femur from the pelvis. 33Concerning the fauna, only the results relevant to butchery operations that require cutting tools are included here. This would require an entire project itself, such as the one developed for the late Upper Palaeolithic by V. Rots (2010) and, especially, archaeological assemblages that are very well preserved. Four forelimbs of sheep, seven of cow, and one of horse were defleshed and disarticulated with bifaces (n =8). Raw materials other than flint were used at some sites in response to particular circumstances. The use of wood in the Early and Middle Palaeolithic is evidenced by a few exceptional discoveries of wooden spears at the sites of Lehringen, Schöningen (Germany), and Clacton-on-Sea (England) (Movius, 1950; Junkmanns, 2001; Dennel, 1997; Thieme, 1997; Oakley, , 1977), a wooden point at Ljubljansko Barje (Slovenia), carbonized objects and negative impressions of wood preserved by the travertine flows at Abric Romaní (Spain) (Carbonell, Castro-Curel, 1992; Castro-Cruel, Carbonell, 1995; Gaspari, , 2011). - Ribs disarticulation from a bison carcass by percussion with a hafted flake cleaver, The faunal reference collection related to the butchery of complete carcasses is comprised of 12 carcasses from different species (table 5). In the latter case, the muscle masses were removed by sectioning at the level of the muscle attachments but the bones and limbs were never scraped. Four forelimbs of sheep, seven of cow, and one of horse were defleshed and disarticulated with bifaces (n =8). The bison carcass was butchered with different types of tool and is not listed in this table. The head was systematically separated from the vertebral column. Edited By G. W. Dimbleby. Pub. This would require an entire project itself, such as the one developed for the late Upper Palaeolithic by V. Rots (2010) and, especially, archaeological assemblages that are very well preserved. As for the working of hides, though it has been documented in Middle Palaeolithic lithic assemblages since the first use-wear analyses, there is little detailed data on the, of hide processing for the period. With regard to the shaping of wood, the objectives were highly varied. The micro‑traces are often very pronounced and can easily be distinguished from those linked to other activities (butchery, woodworking, hide working) and serve as a basis for the recognition of similar traces in our own study assemblages, at least in the cases that have been well enough preserved to allow for interpretation of micro-traces (see Part II, chapter 2.1). For the first sheep carcass, 15 points and two bifaces hafted axially were propelled with the use of a spear gun designed for under-water use. The raising and killing of animals for the production of certain types of foods is the most common one, though animals are also killed to produce clothing, for entertainment, or to be used as labor or tools, including their use as laboratory tools. Inspired by the work of A. Tresset (1996), figure 9 presents a schematic view of different stages of this, The number of stages is relatively small (skinning, extraction of blood and organs, breaking down the carcass, dismemberment, defleshing disarticulation, extraction of tendons, fracturing of bone to various ends), but their frequency, their organization, and the techniques employed can vary according to several factors (Speth, 1983; Bartram, 1993; Beyries, 1993a). Abstract : This book contains the proceedings of a meeting of the Research Seminar in Archaeology and Related Subjects held at the Institute of Archaeology, London University, on 18-19 May, 1968. In most cases, the longitudinal incision running along the leg toward the evisceration incision was positioned on the medial surface of the legs, but for certain half‑arcasses, it was placed in another position (see below). outcome. A Mousterian point and an unmodified flake were used for defleshing one fox carcass. As A. Outram (2008: 2) points out: “a gulf is left between laboratory work and how processes may have been achieved in the past, with a limited range of materials, technologies and a lesser control upon the environment”. 1969 pp.73-100 pp. DOI link for The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals. Animals used for clothing. Wikipedia Citation. Fractures considered diagnostic of hunting activities have been produced experimentally during debitage and by trampling (Pargeter, 2011). Photographs: PCR Des Traces et des Hommes). The skin of small, furry animals can be rather easily separated from the underlying fatty tissues by hand, rendering defleshing superfluous (Hayden, 2002). 23In the end, five spear-points in wood, pre-treated by heating, were polished by light scraping with a sharp edge (figure 8) and, to a lesser extent, by rubbing or abrasion (on the surface of a quartzite denticulate). The traces present on these pieces are not described in detail in this monograph, even in the chapter dedicated to the experimental bifaces; we refer the reader to the photographs and descriptions available in the doctoral thesis of one of the authors (Claud, 2008). More recent studies have demonstrated that a considerable number, or even the majority, of tools bearing traces served in butchery activities, with the precise step undetermined (for example, Geneste, Plisson, 1996; Lemorini, 2000; Locht et al., 2002; Martínez-Molina, 2005; Pasquini, 2008; Claud, 2008). or on dry hide (n =4) (figure 18), primarily by cutting, more rarely by scraping and percussion. It is the identification of these patterns in different areas of ethnological research that confirms a mechanism to a rule of human behaviour. Although this category has some overlap with the “overexploitation” criteria, it denotes the disturbance of habitat caused by land modification for food or fuel plant production. Voir la notice dans le catalogue OpenEdition, Plan du site – Contact – Crédits du site – Flux de syndication, Nous adhérons à Revues.org – Édité avec Lodel – Accès réservé, Vous allez être redirigé vers OpenEdition Search. Poaching is the act of killing wild animals for whatever reason. The first use-wear analyses conducted in France on Middle Palaeolithic industries by S. Beyries (1987a, 1987b, 1988a, 1988b; Beyries, Boëda, 1983) and P. Anderson‑Gerfaud (1981, 1990) revealed a predominance of woodworking in comparison to other activities, based on the frequencies of traces identified. First Published 2008 . That’s why I decided to look at the consequences of the overexploiting… As we mentioned in the introduction, these experiments and activities were guided by the reconstruction of two distinct but interrelated. 42Skinning, fleshing, disarticulation, and extraction of tendons were conducted with points on reindeer carcasses (n =2). These results cast doubt on assemblages that have yielded a small number of impacted points, as the damage could result from taphonomic factors (Pargeter, 2011). Hear from champions for greater and safer access to the outdoors as they discuss the potential solutions to address the intersectional issues faced by Black communities. Dry hide, tanned and untanned, was cut and perforated with tools in flint and in quartzite: unmodified flakes, points, denticulates, and bifaces. ), rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), cornus (Cornus sp. P Nutr Soc 62:279–290 Google Scholar Griffin SG, Wyllie SG, Markham JL et al (1999) The role of structure and molecular properties of terpenoids in determining their antimicrobial activity. Jo-Anne McArthur / We Animals. S. Costamagno, É. Claud, M.-C. Soulier, C.Thiébaut. 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